An engineering and GIS-Based evaluation of the factors contributing to road cracks and building settlements. Case study of Gatuna one stop border post

Abstract

Road infrastructure is a critical component of national development, significantly contributing to trade facilitation, market accessibility, and economic growth. Despite its importance, challenges such as road cracks and building settlements hinder the efficient operation of key transportation hubs, such as the Gatuna One Stop Border Post (OSBP) in Rwanda. This study investigated the underlying causes of these challenges and proposes sustainable solutions. By leveraging Engineering and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the research examines various factors contributing to road deterioration and building settlements. The analysis incorporated satellite imagery, topographic maps, and geospatial data to develop detailed maps that highlight areas of concern, with particular attention to the geological framework. The results indicate that roads built on shale rock suffer from slope instability and inadequate load-bearing capacity, while infrastructure on organic material soil is prone to settlement and subsidence due to the compressible nature of the soil and its vulnerability to waterlogging. Structural assessments of buildings at Gatuna OSBP reveal that the predominant cracking in external masonry walls is likely due to ground movement and foundation settlement. To address these issues, the study proposes a series of interventions, including the design of drainage systems to reduce water table levels, the application of soil stabilization techniques, and the adoption of foundation designs tailored to the unique challenges posed by shale rock and organic material soils. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and maintenance to ensure the long-term stability and safety of the infrastructure. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration among geotechnical engineers, structural designers, construction managers, geo-spatial experts and environmentalist to develop effective strategies for mitigating the risks of road cracks and building settlements. Addressing these challenges will enhance the sustainability and resilience of Gatuna OSBP transportation hubs, thereby improving regional trade and connectivity.