https://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/31 Research works by PhD students of the College of Arts and Social Sciences 2026-04-21T13:51:04Z https://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/1546 L’assurance mutualiste au Rwanda : regard critique sur les aspects organisationnels et fonctionnels des mutuelles de santé MBONERA, Théophile EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The mutual health insurance scheme is a system which functions essentially by means of contribution fees of its members, and covers their health-related risks. In 2007, the law n° 62/2007 of 30/12/2007 created in each district of Rwanda a mutual health insurance scheme, and the present paper describes, analyses and criticises the organisation and functioning of this scheme as some of its aspects raise some questions. In fact, Rwandan Mutual health insurance scheme is coordinated at each district level by a mutual health insurance fund, which has legal personality and is administratively and financially autonomous. The contribution fees of its members consist of a fixed sum of money. The way this scheme is conceived raises a number of questions, among others, the question of easy access by each member to services it offers, especially when he falls in need being out of his district. Another important issue concerns the mode of contribution by members: the contribution fee consisting of a fixed sum of money, this seems to not comply with the principle of solidarity, which is however an important pillar in mutual insurance scheme constitution. This image of mutual health insurance scheme in Rwanda is the main reason why a research in that domain was undertaken, to analyse in details different aspects of the organisation and the functioning of the Rwandan mutual health insurance scheme that merit some attention and consideration, and, where possible, to find out and suggest solutions which could help improve or to build a scheme that can serve better the beneficiaries. Not only the research provides a tool that can help to get clarity on what is mutual insurance scheme in general and mutual health insurance scheme in particular, as well as on the organisation and the functioning of mutual health insurance scheme in Rwanda, it can also help whoever it may concern to find important information on various aspects of Rwandan mutual health insurance scheme, information which can play as a good guide to better reforms. This work consists of three chapters, talking about mutuality in general and mutual health insurance scheme in particular (chap I), the Rwandan mutual health insurance scheme in details (chap. II) to finally suggest what can render the scheme better more helpful (Chap. III). Master's Dissertation 2010-12-01T00:00:00Z https://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/1269 The Contribution of Parents Evening Forum (UMUGOROBA W’ABABYEYI) to Social Welfare of Households: “Case study of Nyanza district, period 2017-2019”, in the Southern Province of Rwanda Olive, UWIZEYIMANA Abstract This study reports on the contribution of Parents Evening Forum to social welfare of Households in Nyanza District of the Southern Province of Rwanda. Its specific objectives were: (1) to describe the situation of social welfare of households before starting Parents Evening Forum in Nyanza district; (2) to find out the contribution of Parents evening forum to social welfare of households in Nyanza District; (3) to find out challenges encountered by Parents’ Evening Forums in improvement of social welfare of households and (4) to propose strategies needed to render Parents ‘Evening Forums more effective in promoting social welfare of households. The study was conducted to 29 participants including 9 participants interviewed in parents evening forum while the participants in focus group discussion (FGD) are 20 participants composed of 8 in Nyamunini Village, 5 in Mukoni and 7 in Kabuga Village. In order to achieve these objectives, the researcher used interview instrument and focus group discussion approach for data collection. Comparing the situation before starting Parents Evening Forum in Nyamunini, Mukoni and Kabuga Villages of Kibirizi sector, findings revealed that there is a role of Parents Evening Forum in social welfare of households. This role is characterized by the reduction of violence through the parent evening forum attendance, reduction of poverty through saving and credit use, diminution of conflicts in families, children returned to school, decrease of domestic violence. During the course of this research, all specific objectives were achieved and the research questions were answered. In general, based on the findings, it was evident that parent evening forum played a significant role in Nyanza District for improving social welfare of Households. Master's Dissertation 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z https://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/1223 Electoral Violence Prevention: The Role of Brokers in Kenya's 2013 General Elections Habyarimana, Jean-Bosco This research explores initiatives believed to have played a role in the prevention of electoral violence in Kenya’s 2013 general elections. Intending to contribute to ongoing debates on electoral violence prevention, the study focuses on brokerage dynamics of violence prevention at the community level, as a way of understanding the significance such a topic can have if placed in peace research. It is inspired by studies that have shown the significant role of informal actors – such as brokers, also called gate-keepers, middlemen, go-betweens, or intermediaries in other contexts – in areas of governance and peacebuilding in countries characterized by weak institutions and distrust in the state. In these settings, governing elites and populations rely on services of brokers, the former in order to regain lost loyalty, the latter for accessing patronage that they would not otherwise. Hence, the main research question this study tries to respond to is formulated as: How can we understand the role of brokers in electoral violence prevention in Kenya? Findings underlying this exploration consists of semi-structured interviews conducted with residents and actors whose actions are believed to have contributed to the prevention of electoral violence in 2013 in areas with a history of violence in Kenya. The interview data are complemented by other primary and secondary sources such as reports from special commissions of inquiry on electoral violence in Kenya, and scholarly articles on the 2013 peaceful elections. Studying practices of electoral violence prevention at the community level, through the lenses of the brokerage literature, has helped to add to discussions on ‘the local turn in peacebuilding’ by destabilizing the tendency to search for distinct or unique categories of peacebuilders. It has allowed for underscoring the messiness of violence-affected arena, where each and every actor is able to find a room for maneuvering in entangled social relations. On the basis of this, findings of this study suggest focusing on practices and mechanisms that help actors manage to play their role of connectors, rather than seeking to identify the permanent ‘good’ or ‘bad’ that is hardly ever accessible in the real world. Doctoral Thesis 2018-11-12T00:00:00Z https://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/1199 Ordinary Choices in Extra-ordinary Times. Resistance to the Genocide in Rwanda in 1994 Mutwarasibo, Ernest This study explores how and why, in their perspectives, persons identified as Hutu resisted genocide targeting the Tutsi ethnic group in Rwanda in 1994. The violence involved more than one million victims murdered in private places such as houses and gardens as well as public places such as churches, hills, stadiums, schools, hospitals and offices. The pressure on the Hutu population to participate in the violence was strong and anyone who was critical could become a target. In spite of this, many Hutu Rwandans chose to resist the violence. This thesis builds on 37 interviews with Rwandan Hutu who resisted genocide. It contributes to knowledge about how resistance could challenge both the dominant discourses and practices of genocide. It finds that people’s resistance took both subversive and submissive forms. The thesis identifies a number of forms of covert resistance: avoidance, argumentation, the use of one’s position, and false/faked compliance. Although these people did not openly challenge the perpetrators of genocide, they contributed on a small scale to undermine the violent practices of genocide. The study also discusses different forms of overt resistance to the genocide. These include open confrontation with genocide perpetrators and threats of resorting to violence. When resisting genocide, the respondents often made use of and were motivated by their own self-representations as Christian, Muslim, senior, woman/mother, and other identity positions. Such alternative identity positions helped blur the dividing lines that were central to the discourse of genocide, namely those between friend and enemy, killer and victim. By showing the broad repertoire of practices people used to resist, the study contributes to the field of genocide studies. The study also discovers new practices of resistance that have not earlier been discussed in the context of genocide in Rwanda. These include the use of bribery and how people resisted through creative use of their professional or power positions. The great risks that underresourced persons dared take to reject state-sponsored violence can be understood through an investigation of their motivations. The study finds that motivations were often connected to identity formation. People drew on different identity positions, all of which were not necessarily “subalterns”, as is often assumed in resistance studies. Doctoral Thesis 2018-05-25T00:00:00Z