Evaluating the effectiveness of planned rural settlement sites in Rwanda: Case of Gatebe and Rwabiharamba sites in Nyagatare district.

Abstract

The evolution of rural settlements in Rwanda marked the gradual transition from scattered homesteads to planned villages present socio-economic and environmental issues. Scattered settlements have led to infrastructure limitations, land fragmentation, economic challenges, and environmental degradation. Despite government efforts, effective adaptation is needed. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of reorganizing these settlements into planned villages, particularly in Gatebe and Rwabiharamba in Nyagatare district by evaluating the implementation and outcomes of government policies and strategies. A variety of data collection methods were employed, including surveys, interviews, field observations, and GIS technologies. The sample size included 33 out of 896 households in Gatebe and 34 out of 1537 households in Rwabiharamba. Data analysis involved GIS techniques such as proximity and overlap analysis and statistical tests such as t-tests and results were visualized through maps, tables, charts, and graphs for effective comparison. The results reveal that Gatebe and Rwabiharamba have evolved from forest areas in Akagera National Park to dynamic settlements between 2005 and 2024. The significant increase in farming activities since 2010 led to a reduction in forest cover and the establishment of settlements that have continuously expanded over the years. This growth, initially marked by scattered settlement, evolved into planned villages through government initiatives, despite challenges such as the uncontrolled inflow of returnees and immigrants, improper land use planning, historical land use practices, limited oversight and inadequate infrastructure. The findings shed light on the reorganization of scattered settlements and the associated challenges for planned villages with improved infrastructure. The study provides strategies to ensure sustainable development and insights into the effectiveness of planned rural settlements and the improvement of livelihoods and infrastructure in rural areas of Rwanda. The reorganization of scattered rural settlements into planned villages in Rwanda was examined in this study on Gatebe and Rwabiharamba. The study identifies challenges and proposes strategies to overcome them. Recommendations include encouraging private investment, improving infrastructure and supporting local businesses to promote comprehensive reorganization and rural development in Rwanda.