Assessment of solar home system contribution towards socioeconomic development and electricity access rate in Rwanda

Abstract

Energy stands as a crucial prerequisite for combatting poverty and fostering socio-economic growth within a nation. The absence of a reliable energy supply constitutes a significant hindrance to a country's development. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of solar home systems (SHS) on socioeconomic development and the augmentation of electricity access rates in Rwanda. Following a concise review of previous research elucidating the significance, advantages, and potential of SHS, the primary focus is on scrutinizing how SHS shapes socio-economic development and expedites electricity access in Rwanda. In rural areas of Rwanda, where households are often dispersed across various hills with limited access to convenient roads for efficient electricity distribution, solar energy emerges as a promising solution to meet the electricity needs of remote households in developing countries. SHS incorporates photovoltaic (PV) modules that convert light energy into electrical energy, and batteries store the energy for use during periods without sunlight, especially at night. The research leverages data collected from a survey conducted among 102 households in four Rwandan districts, each representing one province. Solar energy holds the potential to significantly enhance rural livelihoods. Opting for Solar Home Systems (SHS) instead of kerosene lanterns contributes to a reduction in indoor air pollution, positively impacting the health and well-being of rural families. Despite the higher initial cost of SHS, ongoing expenses are lower compared to spending on candles and kerosene. The implementation of SHS in rural Rwanda yields clear positive impacts, encompassing economic benefits as households utilize SHS for income-generating activities. Improved conditions related to education, health, household tasks, access to information, communication, entertainment, and safety perception bring transformative changes to traditional social life, enhancing the overall quality of life for rural inhabitants. Children and women at the household level experience the most significant benefits, spending most of their time at home using solar electric lighting and household appliances. Moreover, numerous non-SHS households indirectly benefit from SHS-equipped homes, gaining access to facilities such as TV, radio, mobile phones, laptops, and study resources. Positive environmental effects are evident as the substitution of traditional lighting fuels leads to savings in carbon dioxide emissions. Survey findings underscore that running costs are less than 5000 Rwandan francs, emphasizing the affordability of these costs for SHS owners