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    Characterization of indigenous chicken in Rwanda
    (2021-06) Nkurunziza, Theophile
    Poultry development is one of the most important pathways to pro-poor livestock induced growth. It contributes to poverty alleviation, against malnutrition and disease in rural areas. The native chickens have been indicated by a traditional low input/low output farming system. Indigenous chicken in Rwanda have been characterized by farmers into four types (Inshenzi, Sekaganda/Inganda, Imirangi/Umujosi and Indayi) but the difference between them in terms of phenotypic and molecular features are not yet known. Objectives of this study were to contribute to genetic improvement of indigenous chickens in Rwanda through phenotypic and molecular characterization. The phenotypical and blood samples were collected from indigenous chickens domesticated at four agro-ecology zones in Rwanda and factorial experimental design was used where we examined management system, phenotypical and genotypic traits in terms of production. A selection was randomly where the villages closed to big cities and commercial harbors were not selected. We assessed phenotypical traits of 1080 indigenous chickens and we took morphometric measures and blood samples of 120 chickens from twelve districts. We found the 23 related genes from those morphometric measures (head, wattle and beak length) by using SNP markers and 22 nearest genes from blood samples by SNP markers based on the highest genetic potential in terms of indigenous chicken production. Then after, we observed four different genotypes which were characterized by low homozygosity of 0.140088 for Imirangi and 0.15327 for Inshenzi and low similarities of 0.022467 between Imirangi and Inshenzi from the genetic distance than two others (Inganda and Indayi). Among those four genotypes of IC in Rwanda; Imirangi and Inshenzi showed the highest genetic potential in term of production traits (egg and body weight) than Inganda and Indayi. Our findings will help to select indigenous chicken with high genetic potential in terms of production and provide new clues for further study in breeding program of indigenous chicken.
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    The assessment of rice irrigation water use efficiency at Rwangingo marshland
    (2022-08-13) Surwumwe, Alphonse
    Poor water use management in agricultural sector should cause deep water volume depletion on global world therefore, this thesis is concerned totheassessment of rice irrigation water use efficiency at Rwangingo marshland. The Rwangingo marshland has a bigger dam located at 1 0 35’ 34.70’’S and 300 17’26.64’’E, Elevation 1413m with abundant water of 3,751,123 m3 in Gatsibo and Nyagatare, Eastern province of Rwanda.I have chosen to study irrigation water use efficiency because agriculture is the major consumer of water. Worldwide agricultural land might double in subsequently 50 years if trends in foodstuff consumption and existingactivities of production continue. Moreover, the Rwanda water resource board (RWB) together with the World Bank water resources group has performed a hydro-economic analysis in which projections by 2050 shows that irrigation will be the most water consuming sector and the RWB has carried out a study for the inter-catchment water transfer in which the projections by 2040 shows that the eastern province and Amayaga region will be under water deficit. Therefore Rwangingo marshland is one of the marshland that use more water for agriculture and livestock and this marshland is fencing both anthropogenic and natural problems such as water insufficiency in dry season, flooding during rainy season, undulating topography, competition of water for animal support and poor water use management. After this study, Iwas found that water conveyance efficiency of the primary, secondary, and tertiary channel varies from 40 to 77% and it means that water lost varies between 60 to 23%, the average of sum conveyance efficiency wereestablish to be 59% and average water shrink in conveyance channel was 41%. Refer to table 2, the accepted conveyance efficiency should not below 65 %, while this study obtained conveyance efficiency of 60%, it means that water in seepage, lack of clearance of canal, canal sedimentation, evaporation of conveyance loss was 41 % through clearing of canal. Rice crop water use efficiency of rice in Rwangingo marshland at whole season is 37 % in 150 day of rice growth stage.Efficient water management of Rwangingo marshland through suitablewater application efficiencies and it wasvery essentialfor understandingof proper decisions concerningthe water use managementunderneath climate variability in the future.
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    Assessment of adoption and impact of sericulture farming on rural farm household income in Rwanda: a case of members of sericulture cooperatives in Karongi District
    (2018-02) Irambona Bruce
    Since 2005, sericulture has been introduced in Rwanda in order to increase highly the production from its scarce land and as source of high income and employment for Rwanda poor farmers in rural area. Because of the high value of silk yarn and the favorable climatic conditions for mulberry cultivation, sericulture was seen as a potential tool for poverty reduction and soil conservation. In this research we assess the factors influencing the adoption of sericulture farming and its impact on farmer’s income. In order to assess the impact of sericulture farming on rural household income, we used in this study the propensity score matching technique. It then assesses the factors that influence the adoption of sericulture farming through which it influences farm income. Sericulture is a relatively recent phenomenon in Rwandan farming activities and its adoption is treated as an agricultural technological innovation. Our impact assessment indicates that the poverty reduction effects of sericulture adoption are still very low, but acknowledge the limitations of such estimation at an early adoption stage. As sericulture diffuses further among farmers, the availability of more data will enhance the accuracy of the impact assessment. Our findings confirm the existing empirical evidence on agriculture technology adoption showing that the adoption of new crop varieties, which is usually conditional on its profitability with respect to traditional crops, contributes to enhancing household income and reducing poverty among adopting farmers. Because of the additional beneficial effects of sericulture farming on soil protection and water conservation, the social benefits of sericulture are even much larger than individual income enhancement. The identified iincome benefit of the sericultureadoption, didn’t allow its implementation to be more adequate to achieve appropriate skills to be proficient in this new technology to the point of its establishment in the Rwanda economy. vi From the mentioned factors which are the human skills and other market factors, we have to consider also the necessity of appropriate and adequate infrastructures together with a proper incentive system which will allow to plan a fruitful and productive technology absorption in the country. In order to overcome the mentioned limitations, it is necessary to put together new technology adoption and long term objectives. Finally, in order to promote increased adoption of sericulture farming and its impact on farm income; researchers, government, development bodies and investors have to establish a production system of silk worm eggs suitable for our tropical Rwanda condition and establish a silk processing company which will guarantee the market for cocoons produced by farmers.
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    Factors affecting health supply chain performance in public health facilities at Pemba island, Tanzania
    (University of Rwanda, 2025-08-29) Said, Hassan Ali
    Background: In the health aspect among the essential components is the health supply chain, encompassing the movement of information, goods, services, and resources to meet customer needs. Effective health supply chain performance ensures that health commodities are available in quantity and quality at the right time, thereby improving patient outcomes. However, many developing countries, including Tanzania, face challenges to have effective health supply chain, which leads to inadequate healthcare delivery and rising patient demand. This study focuses on Pemba Island, Tanzania, where health supply chain performance remains challenging due to various influencing factors. Objective: This study aims to determine the factors affecting health supply chain performance in public health facilities at Pemba Island, Tanzania, as the main objective. Methodology: The cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in public health facilities across Pemba Island, Tanzania. The study population includes healthcare professionals directly involved in the health supply chain; the sample size was 70 public health facilities with one respondent in each facility. Slovin’s formula was used to calculate a representative sample size for each district. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, on-site visits and interviews. The collected data were pre-tested for validity and reliability and analysed using descriptive statistics in STATA version 15.1. Ethical considerations were adhered to, with approvals obtained from relevant institutional review boards and consent from participants. Results: Among the assessed health facilities in Pemba, observed supply chain performance was 50.0%. A higher proportion of facilities in Kusini Pemba (70.3%) were classified as having above- average performance compared to Kaskazini Pemba (27.3%), and the difference was statistically significant (Chi-square = 12.9, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The regional disparities, human resource challenges and logistical inefficiencies found in this study should be addressed to improve supply chain performance in Pemba public health facilities.
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    Power loss assessment and reduction in transmission line: case study of Rulindo-Gabiro
    (2025) Uwizeramariya Monique
    This research focuses on analyzing and minimizing power loss in high-voltage transmission networks, specifically on the 64 km, 110 kV Rulindo-Gabiro line from the Rwanda Energy Group (REG). A comprehensive literature review examines the methods for assessing bulk transmission capacity and quantifying energy losses. Key issues include calculating the energy lost during electrical transmission across the grid and identifying technological measures to reduce these losses. The study analyse the energy losses in the transmission line based on actual data collected from the site. Using ETAP-PowerStation for system modeling, a single-line diagram of the existing network was developed, followed by load flow analysis, incorporating peak loads from REG. This analysis calculates total peak capacity loss across various voltage levels and identifies loss contributions from line and transformer components. The impact of load and line length variations on transmission losses is also examined. The "Loss Factor " is used to estimate annual average power loss, translating peak loss values from load flow analysis into annual energy loss figures. This approach is detailed in the literature section, with analyses by employing this methodology. Efficiency improvements for REG's grid are explored, applying industry-standard loss-reduction methods, including line double circuiting, nominal voltage uprating, and reactive power compensation. Lines identified for potential upgrades were evaluated based on power dissipation. For double circuiting, high-loss lines at 110 kV were prioritized, while voltage uprating targets included select levels. Reactive power compensation was applied selectively to enhance voltage profiles across the grid. The study quantifies the annual energy savings from each loss-reduction approach, presenting these in terms of financial gains. Conclusions and recommendations for optimizing the Rulindo-Gabiro line are provided. The study found initial power losses of 195.8 kW (1.23%). The introduction of a double-circuit transmission line significantly reduced active power losses from 195.8 kW to 129 kW, representing an improvement of 34.11%. Similarly, reconductoring the transmission line using twin conductors decreased losses to 137.8 kW, marking a 29.62% Page v of 68 enhancement in efficiency from actuary values. Additionally, reactive power compensation through the installation of capacitor banks improved the power factor from 0.78 to 0.92 and reduced active power losses from 186.22 kW to 139.78 kW, marking a 24.93%, which subsequently reduced reactive power losses and improved overall power quality. These upgrades also improved voltage stability, reducing the voltage drop from 1.63% to 1.27%.