Critical analysis of the universal periodic review vis-a-vis the implementation of international Human rights obligations by States

Abstract

In 2006, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) was established by the Human Rights Council through its institutional building package with a mandate for periodically reviewing the human rights record of every United Nations Member State. Whilst Universal Periodic Review marks a significant improvement in human rights monitoring, it is a new process that necessitates a realistic approach towards continual improvement stemming from an examination of best practices and challenges in the context of the principles and objectives of the review to enhance its intended outcomes. This study critically explores the impact of the Universal Periodic Review since its creation vis-à-vis the implementation of international human rights obligations. By analyzing the Universal Periodic Review process during its first cycle, the study identifies strengths and challenges and contribute towards improving the effectiveness of the United Nations‟ system for reviewing each United Nations Member State‟s international human rights record in future cycles. As far implementation of all international human rights obligations are concerned, the study looks at Rwanda as a case study in order to fully grasp the UPR impact. Although the Universal Periodic Review has already produced significant results, much progress is yet to be achieved. To solidify best practices and address key challenges, recommendations are provided so that the mechanism can contribute to the full realization of all international human rights obligations.