Evaluation of the ecological and socio-economic impacts of agroforestry interventions on smallholder farms adiacent to the Ibanda-Makera natural forestry, Kirehe district, Rwanda

Abstract

Climate change disrupts ecosystem services and livelihoods for smallholder farmers, especially those adjacent to the Ibanda-Makera Natural Forest in Rwanda. This study assesses the ecological and socio-economic impacts of agroforestry interventions in this area. Ecosystembased Adaptation (EbA) involves strategies that mitigate and adapt to climate change, enhancing resilience in vulnerable communities. This research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of EbA intervention measures near Ibanda-Makera Natural Forest, Rwanda, which has been identified as climate-sensitive. The study examines how agroforestry practices enhance ecological conditions such as soil conservation, biodiversity conservation, and microclimate regulation critical for delivering ecosystem services (ES) that support climate resilience. Primary data were collected using structured interviews with closed and open-ended questions and Geospatial data from surveyed smallholder farms were collected using GPS devices. Results indicate successful growth of agroforestry trees, predominantly Grevillea robusta (46.42%), providing ES like firewood production (97%), soil erosion control (95%), stabilization (93%), climate regulation (88%), and aesthetic/recreational benefits (42%) to local communities. Socio-economic benefits include income generation, food security, and increased farm productivity, promoting adaptation among neighboring communities. The implemented EbA approach effectively controlled soil erosion (76%) through water canals, trenches, and terraces. The majority (98%) of respondents indicated that the primary beneficiaries of EbA intervention measures were local communities. However, 20% expressed dissatisfaction with the intervention's impact on livelihoods. Further research should raise awareness about EbA benefits and integrate local communities into implementation strategies, fostering climate resilience among Rwanda's smallholder farmers.